S

Situational Skills:

Greeting – Introducing oneself –Inviting, someone – Making requests Offering help –   Seeking permission –    Asking for advice – Expressing gratitude –Asking about remembering-   – persuading  - complimenting / Congratulating – Expressing sympathy – complaining – Apologizing – Making suggestions – Warning someone – Starting conversation with a stranger – Leaving someone for a short time – Ending a conversation – Asking for information – Asking for someone’s Opinion – Asking if someone’s sure –Asking someone to say something again checking that you have understood – Asking whether someone knows – Asking about  possibility –   Asking about preference – Asking if someone     is able to do something – Describing something – Some   useful expressions.   Building Vocabulary: One word substitution  - Synonyms - Homophones – Odd man out. Language Use: Identification of tenses and agreement of verbs. Statements, Negatives,  Interrogatives and Question tags. Rectification of errors in articles. Propositions and adverbs  – Comprehension – telegraphic Message. 

Books for Reference:

 01) Spoken English for  you – Emerald Publishers – Authors:

           G.Radhakrishna Pillai ,K.Rajeevan.

 02)  Spoken English  - A Self Learing  Guide to Conversation Practice      

      Authors: V.Sasikumar, P.V.Dhamija

Unit III : Computer Usage and Applications:

01)    Introduction to Computer: Generation and History of Computers -Characteristics of Computer – Digital Computer - Analog -          Computer –     Hybrid Computer. Classification of Digital Computer: Micro Computer –Mini Computer – Mainframe computer

02)    Input Devices: Keyboard, Mouse, Light pen –Output Devices: Monitor, Classification of Monitors, Printers, Classification of printers –Study of    Secondary storage devices.

 03)   Hardware, Software, farmware, parts of CPU: ALU – Control Unit –  Main   memory – RAM, ROM.

 04)   System Software: Interpreter, Assembler, Compilers – Operating Systems: DOS – Booting System – Internal and   External Commands – Introduction to High-level languages.  

 05)   Origin of Internet – Appanet – MODEM – ISP (VSNL) –  Upload, Download. E-mail: Origin of Worldwide web (WWW) –   Browsers – HTML     Basics.  

      Books for reference:

01)   Introduction to Computers by Radhakrishnan.  

Paper 2: Immune system

Unit I: Types of Immunity

Antigen:  Essential feature of antigens - Factors that influence

      Antigenicity – Epitopes - Haptens          

 a)     Innate immunity   

1.     Anatomic barriers

2.     Physiologic barriers (Lysozyme, Interferons)

3.     Endocytic and Phagocytic barriers (PMN & Macrophage)

4.     Barriers created by Inflammatory response.

       b)    Acquired Immunity –

1.     Cells of immune system (B & T cells)

2.     APC (Antigen presenting cells)   

3.     Functions of Humoral and Cell mediated Immune response

             Unit II: Anatomy of Lymphoid Organs.

a) Source of lymphoid cells –Bone marrow

            b) Primary lymphoid Organs

              1.Thymus – Thymocytes - Skin - Bursa of Fabricius - Payer’s patches

c). Secondary lymphoid organs

              Lymph nodes – Structures – Spleen - Bone marrow       

 u     Unit III: Immunoglobulin Structure and Function

   Basic structure and functions of Immunoglobulin

  IgG  -  IgA  -  IgM  -  IgD -   IgE

     Unit IV: Memory cells

1.  Generation of Memory cells and Plasma cells

2.  Memory T & B cells

3.  Idiotypes

Unit V: Lymphocyte Differentiation

 T lymphocytes – B lymphocytes

Paper 3: Positive and Negative Antigen and Antibody interaction

 Unit I: Biology of complement system

             Definition of complement - Components of complement - Types of Complement Pathways – Classical – Alternate - Regulation of complement system - Biological constituents of complement activation  - cell lysis - Inflammatory response – Opsonisation- Viral neutralization  - Solubilisation of Immune complexes - Complement deficiencies - Structure and Function of MHC –I & II. – Structure - Gene arrangement – Polymorphism - Function

Unit II : a). Antigen recognition and presentation

 Endogenous – Cytosolic pathway - Exogenous – Endocytic pathway - Self MHC restriction of T-cells - Cells that function in Antigen presentation – TAPS Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing

 b). Cellular Mediated Immunity

Helper T cells - Effector T-cell function - Complement Mediated cell lysis

 Unit III: Hypersensitivity reactions

1. Type I Hypersensitivity or Anaphylactic reaction Phenomenon of Anaphylaxis - Atopic allergy - Food allergy

2. Type II Hypersensitivity or ADCH  Transfusion reaction - Rh factor - Organ transplants –

3. Type III Hypersensitivity or Immune complexes Arthus reaction - Reaction to internal and inhaled antigen - Serum sickness -

4. Type IV Hypersensitivity or Cell mediated immunity.

Unit IV: Autoimmune Disorders

1.Scope of Autoimmune diseases    2.Physiology of autoimmunity

3.Types of Autoimmunity

a. Organ specific autoimmune disease (Myasthenia gravis)

b. Systemic autoimmune disease (Systemic Lupus Erythematous)

4.Mechanism for induction of autoimmunity  

Unit V  a). Tissue Grafting

Genetic control of transplantation - Mechanism of graft rejection  - Prevention of graft rejection

i. Tissue typing ii. General immunosuppressive therapy iii. Specific immunosuppressive therapy

b). Transplantation strategies

 1.Bone marrow              2.Organ transplantation

c). Graft Vs Host Disease

1.Activation and Proliferation of cells  

Paper 4:           Analytical methods of immune system

Unit I

          Antigen Isolation  - Sonication – Lyophilization – Thermal extraction methods – TCA method – Ethanol extraction – Triton x 100 extractions – isolation of membrane bound proteins – cytosolic proteins – flagellar proteins – enzymes.

Unit II

       Purification and characterization of various antigens - Ammonium sulphate liquefaction – salting in – salting out – Chromatographic techniques – gel exclusion – ion exchange – NMR - Haptens from pathogens and other biological molecules.

Unit III     

     Biophysical and chemical and affinity separation methods – Paper chromatography – Thin layer chromatography - HPLC – GLC – Electrophoretic techniques – SDS- PAGE – cellulose strip electrophoresis - Centrifugation – density gradient centrifugation – Isopycnic – Ultracentrifugation.

Unit IV

        Production of antibodies – adjuvants – Freunds incomplete & complete adjuvants – Selection of experimental animals and their uses – Restrain and handling of experimental animals - vaccination schedule.

Unit V

          Purification of antibodies - Quantification for Immunoglobulin by RID, EID and Nephlometry – Specificity of antibodies – CIE and WB methods.

Paper 5: Monoclonal antibody production

Unit I

          Hybridoma and monoclonal antibody production : Animal Cell cultures – cell line maintenance – cell fusion – myeloma cells – technique of monoclonal antibody production - genetically engineered antibodies – fused hybridomas.

Unit II

          Immuno-diagnosis:  precipitation assays – Mancini’s single dimension assay – ODD – RID – Direct agglutination – Indirect (passive) agglutination – hemagluttination – Coombs test – Bentonite Flocculation test – Rose-Waaler test - Macroscopic slide agglutination – microscopic agglutination test (MAT), latex agglutination assays – RIA - ELISA – Biotin-avidin enhanced immunoassays - Complement fixation test; assessment of immune complexes in tissues.

Unit III

        Application of monoclonal antibodies in biomedical research – Enumeration of human lymphocyte sub population – Cell depletion – Cell isolation – Probing function of cell surface molecules – diagnosis in cancer – antitumor therapy by drug delivery system - imaging – nephlometric assays  - analysis of complex antigen mixture – purification of antigens – analysis of embryological relationship – monoclonal mutants.

Unit IV

          Human monoclonal antibodies – Human antimouse antibodies – MHC linked target of cytotoxic T cells -  Catalytic antibodies – HLA antigen detection – viral detection and sub typing – parasitic identification – Immuno suppression - fertility control.

           Paper 6: Cell mediated immunity assay and application

 Unit I

Purification of mononuclear cells from peripheral blood - Isolation and characterization of T-cell subsets Helper – suppressor cell ratio – E Rosette-forming cells– human T cell specific markers – T cell subsets – Production of T cell antibodies – detection of T cell antigens with specific antisera -  Lymphocyte assays - B-cells and macrophages – Human B cell specific markers – Surface immunoglobulins – Cytoplasmic immunoglobulins.

 Unit II

Fluorescent activated cell sorter (FACS) – cell selection by FACS – Immunofluorescence techniques – Direct test with labeled antibodies – Indirect test for antibodies – High resolution with the confocal microscope – Flow cytometry – Flow cytofluorimetry - Mitogen and antigen induced lympho proliferation assay.

 Unit III

Mixed lymphocyte reaction – mixed lymphocyte culture  - Cell mediated lympholysis – Clinical application of T & B cell assays -           Assessment of delayed hypersensitivity reaction - Macrophage culture -           Assay for macrophage activation -            enumeration of macrophages – macrophage role in host defense, human immunodeficiency virus, interferon gamma, interleukin – 2, multiple sclerosis, phagocytic responses, secretory activity - dendritic cells - Isolation and role in human.

 Unit IV

In-situ & In-vivo characterization of cells from tissues : Nucleic acid probes – hybridization assays – Southern blot – Generation of T-cell clones - Gene Rearrangement assay for lymphocyte clonality – In-situ hybridization – target amplification technique (PCR) – methods of analyzing RNA - HLA typing

            Paper 7 :         Vaccine development technology

 Unit I

Biology & Assay of cytokines : Interleukin –1 and tumor necrosis factor – properties of human interleukins and other immunoregulatory cytokines – target cells IL-1 and TNF - actions of IL-1 and TNF on hematopoietic and lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells and tissues – IL-1,TNF & their inhibitors as therapeutic agents – IL-2 – receptor and signal Transduction – role of IL-2in human immune system – IL-6 and related cytokines – antiviral interferons – immune interferons –Transforming growth factor β.

Unit II

Vaccine technology including DNA vaccines: Acquired memory –experiment vaccines in development – malaria – cholera – TB – Schistosomiasis – Adjuvant – Killed organisms as vaccine – Live attenuated organisms as vaccines – Subunit vaccines – protein vaccines DNA vaccines - naked gene acting as a vaccine – rDNA Vaccines.

Unit III

Identification of T & B epitopes for vaccine development – autoimmunity – T – down regulation – Original antigenic sin - current vaccines and their development.

Unit IV
Immunotechnology and infectious diseases: Diagnosis of infectious hepatitis – infectious mononucleosis – immunoblastic reaction – infectious rhinitis – infectious syndrome – infective endocarditis – immune therapies.

Unit V
Immunity and genetic engineering in transgenic animals – immunoassays for bacteriophage λ library screening – other gene libraries screening – screening for monoclonal antibody production - Immunoscreening of recombinant library.

Practical I

Immunity to pathogens and raising Polyclonal antibodies 
Vaccine development 
Mancini’s single dimension diffusion test 
ODD
Rocket electrophoresis 
CFT 
 HA 
MAT 
Serum electrophoresis 
Immune electrophoresis 
CIE 
ELISA 
Western/Immunoblotting assays 
Immunofluorescence assays.

Practical II

Technology of hybridoma and monoclonal antibodies   
Culture and maintenance of myeloma cell lines   
Cell fusion   
B cell and T cell isolation   
Monoclonal antibody in biomedical research practice   
Application of human monoclonal antibodies   
T-cells biotechnology  
T cell cloning   
Lymphokine production  
Role in immunological reactions and applications in vaccine development.

Reference Books

1.   Immunology – I.Roitt, J.Brestoff and D.K.Male

2.   Medical Immunology – Gabriel Virella

3.   Basic & Clinical Immunology - Daniel P.Stites., Abba I.Terr & Tristram G. Parslow

4.   Diagnostic Immunology – Keren & Warren

5.   Principles of Immunology – I.Roitt

6.   Immunological Techniques – D.M.Weir

7.   Current protocols in immunology – 3 Volumes – Wiley Pub. 1994.

8.   Immunology – Ian R. Tizard

9.   Immunology – Janis Kuby